How far does the British state conform to, or depart from, the ideal Essay

How far does the British state fit in with, or leave from, the perfect of an undertaking relationship, rather than a common affiliation - Essay Example The Marxist translation of Colonialism will be our place of takeoff, because of its logical legitimacy in our estimation. From that point, the Marxist angle misfortunes its importance for our paper as it will in general hold fast to a meta-investigative viewpoint and will in general be clichã ©d, without a prescient quality, while the paper requires to concentrate on British Colonialism and its opposite effect on the state structure of Britain. To fascilitate our contention we have appropriated and obtained David Easton’s Systems’ Approach to appreciate the multifaceted nature of the opposite collaboration in center. From that point we will advance our contention by alluding to the valuable order of Hanrieder to exhibit that how provincial interests eventually formed the British state at the institutional level. Extraordinary Britain was a generally late contestant on the world stage as a pioneer power. The Spanish and Portuguese seaborne domains went before Britain. These frontier domains were based on the key part of oceanic force and ensuing provincial acquisitions. The strength of Iberian Peninsula kept going generally till late sixteenth century (Brewer.1989). This was what the Marxist call ‘Mercantile Period’. England as a commercial state second to none started to command world provincial framework before sixteenth Century's over. One explanation behind development of Britain’s strength was that the ‘industrial unrest had fixated on Britain, in this way requiring a â€Å"organization of creation and accumulation†, intended to fascilitate a dealer entrepreneur economy, searching for crude material, modest work and markets for completed products’ ( Luxemberg.1951). Britain’s pilgrim development was moved by the rising needs of an incipient political economy which required provinces. Along these lines at the start of this age, British State outfitted itself to colonize and gain domains to protect the interests of a commercial state, subsequently as a conclusion nearly sanctifying standard of facilitated commerce and

Personal Financial Plan Free Essays

Individual Financial Plan Part 5 Sheri Mulder Personal Finance Age 30 Establish great credit and stay away from over the top obligation Invest forcefully for retirement Buy a first home and fabricate value Make a will and wellbeing mandates Age 30-45 Create a domain plan. Purchase satisfactory life and incapacity protection. Continue contributing however much as could reasonably be expected. We will compose a custom exposition test on Individual Financial Plan or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Put something aside for children’s school. Age 45-65 Leverage top gaining a very long time to manufacture money related security. Move retirement reserve funds as important. Survey home plans consistently as resources develop and to reflect changing life conditions. Age 65 and past Properly rebalance resources for oversee chance. Make a move to limit domain burdens and encourage riches move to relatives. Ensure medical coverage is satisfactory. What was utilized to help set up the individual budgetary arrangement was a site that had a case of a money related arrangement considering life-stage changes. The model was useful in light of the fact that it indicated various ages of an individual’s life and what ought to be finished during those stages. The model was useful to utilize on the grounds that the model is fundamentally the same as the circumstance and way of life changes that are turning into an issue. The money related assets that would be utilized to help settle on monetary choices is get an advance from the bank for a home loan. Taking out a bank advance would possibly be utilized if there was a lot of cash required and there was insufficient set aside to utilize. It is essential to have a savings to count on if there should arise an occurrence of crises so an individual doesn't need to utilize money related assets to get that person out a crisis circumstance. Transient Goals Finishing school Increasing investment account Purchasing another vehicle Reducing high premium obligation Buy extra security Make plans for retirement Middle of the road Term Goals Paying off costly obligation Creating a backup stash to cover a year of costs Buying another vehicle Taking uncommon excursion Long-Term Goals Own a home liberated from contract installments Own a getaway home in the mountains some place remote Accumulate enough assets to not need to work, however perhaps something low maintenance in the event that I get exhausted My own hazard resistance is exceptionally moderate at this present snapshot of life. Despite the fact that my time skyline has numerous years to contribute, at this moment the benefit level isn't sufficiently high to have particularly left to contribute. My hazard olerance is additionally moderate as a result of absence of experience and information on contributing. Later on when there is a higher resource level, there could be a chance of recruiting an expert to help with a speculation. My time skyline impacts my money related arrangement in view of how long that there is left before retiremen t. The quantity of years that an individual has before retirement is critical to decide how to put away and set aside cash. When of graduation, there ought to be near forty years to take on unsafe speculations. There will likewise be forty years to stack a portfolio with bonds and money. Income Statement Cash from net wages |43220 | |Cash paid for: | |Income duties and conclusions |-8164 | |Mortgage |-7617 | |Food |-9600 | |Car costs |-7000 | |Clothing |-1800 | |Cell telephone |-1560 | |Internet and digital TV |-1272 | Balance Sheet |Assets Liabilities | |Car $6,183|Student Loan $10,000 | |Savings $600 | |Total $6,783|Total $10,000 | |Net Worth ($3,217) | Personal Monthly Budget |Projected Monthly Income |$1,667. 28 | |Actual Monthly Income |$2,684. 00 | Housing |Housing |Projected Cost |Actual |Difference | |Mortgage |$934. 72 |$934. 2 |0 | |Phone |$130. 00 |$159. 00 |-29 | |Electric |$212. 00 |$212. 00 |0 | |Cable |$84. 00 |$84. 00 |0 | Start sparing, continue sparing, and adhere to your objectives Contribute to your employer’s retirement reserve funds plan Learn about your employer’s benefits plan Don’t contact your retirement investment funds Ask your boss to begin an arrangement Put cash into an Individual Retirement Account Find out about your Social Security benefits Time estimation of cash impacts this piece of the arrangement in light of the fact that the more extended cash is spared, the more it will be worth when an individual resigns. At the point when you set aside or put away cash, it will be worth more since it will pick up enthusiasm by contributing it. The previous an individual puts away or sets aside cash, the more extended that the measure of cash has the opportunity to pick up premium and increment in esteem. Works Cited https://ww3. janus. com/Janus/Retail/StaticPage? jsp=jsp/Common/JanusReportHTML. jspassetname=JanusReportThroughYears â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€ | Step by step instructions to refer to Personal Financial Plan, Papers

How to Save Money on Plane Tickets and Air Travel

How to Save Money on Plane Tickets and Air Travel How to Save Money on Plane Tickets and Air Travel How to Save Money on Plane Tickets and Air TravelShopping around for cheap plane tickets is only step one as many discount flights have extra hidden costs that can jack up your total bill.When you’re going on a vacation, the last thing you want is for that trip to drive you into debtâ€"possibly forcing you to take out a bad credit loan (especially a short-term payday loan or cash advance) to cover future costs.While that means planning ahead and budgeting for your trip, it also means saving as much money as you can on travel costs. And if you’re flying, that means finding the cheapest tickets possible.On that front, we’ve got some good news and some bad news.“Todays travelers expect to score low-cost plane tickets whenever and wherever they fly. Budget carriers willingly offer more routes around the world with the lowest prices,” said former travel agent and child passenger safety expert Grainne Kelly. We can also compare the prices of flights with the many different websit es available to travelers. With a discounted flight, we assume there will be fewer perks and passenger services, and we’re typically fine with that for the reduced fare.”But all is not peachy keen in the world of budget traveling. As Kelly went on to explain, hidden fees and added costs can easily erase many of the hard-won savings that one has earned by shopping around.Finding inexpensive tickets is the first stepâ€"and we’ve included many tips in this article to help you sniff them out. But once you’ve booked your flight, you’ll have to keep an eye out for additional ways to save. Otherwise, you’ll find yourself back at square one.Book early.“When should people book tickets for travel? Dont wait!” said Scott Wainner (@scottwww), founder CEO the travel search engine (and app) Fareness.com  (@fareness). In general, the longer you wait to book, the more expensive the airfare will be. Try to plan in advance and snag plane tickets as soon as you can.”Be flexible.“T ry to be open-minded when booking travel and dont get attached to one specific travel date and location,” said Wainner. “Look around at prices, and then determine when and where you might want to travel to.”In this regard, sites like Fareness can be a useful tool for consumers, as they provide an easy way to compare ticket prices across different airlines and travel days.The more flexible you are on your dates, your connections, and your departure times, the better able you’ll be to find your cheapest option.Try to get a  bag checked for free.Checking bags is going to cost you extra, especially on a discounted flight. But Kelly disclosed this helpful tip to try and get around paying that additional (often hefty) fee.“If you have a larger carry-on and later decide after you go through security that you would rather check it, try to get it checked for free at the gate,” she advised.“Wait until everyone else boards the flight with their carry-ons, as the plane will likely run out of room for bags and the attendant will then check your carry-on suitcase for free for you.”“Always ask at the gate if there is room or if they should check your bag, as they are usually happy to check it. It makes it easier for them to ensure everything else fits in-cabin storage.”Watch out for hidden taxes.Whenever you’re making any large purchase, you should doublecheck that the price stated doesn’t include any hidden costsâ€"including taxes. The same holds true for airline tickets.“It’s never fun to realize the quoted online price does not include taxes until after you hit the purchase button,” said Kelly. “Taxes can tack on several hundred dollars, resulting in your ‘discounted’ ticket not being as discounted as you assumed.”Are some days better than others?This is one of the areas where there was a bit of a disagreement between Kelly and Wainner.“The best time to buy domestic airfare is on Tuesdays around lunchtime,” said Kelly, citing the fact that airline sales typically only last three days or less and tend to publish on Tuesdays. “Also,” she added, “the best days to travel are Tuesday, Wednesday, and Saturday.”While Tuesday has a reputation for being the best (aka, the cheapest) day to fly, Wainner disagreed with this assumption. “There really isnt one day that is best to book,” he said. “Prices tend to fluctuate so its important to search with enough time to get the best deal.”Wainner went on to describe how Fareness was designed to make comparing dates easier:“We are the first and only site that enables consumers to select a specific city or an entire destination category along with a wide range of dates for travel to see the lowest prices trip options with a single and quick search,” he said.Travel in the off-season.If you’re flying at a time of year when everyone else is looking to travel, you’re probably going to end up paying more. Luckily, the reverse is also true.“Travel in the of f-season, as you can get better deals for flights and hotels. Excursions and local sites also offer cheaper prices,” said Kelly. “Another perk is that you don’t have to fight as many tourists and can experience a private beach or more entertainment options.”As for flying on a holiday, Wainner said that this wouldn’t always mean snagging a cheaper flight, but that it was certainly worth checking. And even when you’re open to flying on a holiday, he stressed the importance of checking the surrounding dates to ensure you find the cheapest fare.Prepare for a longer route.If you’re trying to save money on a flight, you might find yourself faced with a choice between picking the cheaper flight or the shorter one.“Many discounted flights include at least one layover, sometimes two, depending on the destination,” said Kelly. “So it will take longer to get to your endpoint and may include layovers that are lengthy.But for those travelers looking to save money, a layover m ight be well worth it! And if they’re willing to get up in the dead of night to make it to the airport, even better! According to Kelly, many discounted flights are offered at off-peak times, which means that they depart early in the morning or very late at nightâ€"sometimes both.Always read the fine print.  Similar to keeping an eye out for added taxes, savers should carefully read the fine print and the terms and conditions to sniff out additional fees or costs.“There could be charges for baggage, carry-ons, dimensions/weight of your baggage, snacks/meals, and more,” said Kelly. Be prepared ahead of time so you’re not hit with sticker shock at the airport. This is how the airlines make up for missing revenue.”She went on to cite a rather innovative new way that airlines are starting to smuggle in extra costs. Luckily, this is one fee that’s easy to avoid.“Some airlines now charge to print boarding passes at the airport,” she said. “Save yourself the fees and pri nt them at home.Confirm every letter is correct and reconfirm the travel dates,” she continued. “Changing even the smallest item can result in an additional charge.”Lay the groundwork for upgrades.Wouldn’t you love to fly in first class without having to pay first-class prices? If there are available first-class upgrades offered at the gate, you might well be able to!There are a couple of things you can do to maximize your chances at scoring one. The first is a long-term bet, while the second is something you can do the day of.“Whats your best advice for scoring a free upgrade on a flight? Be loyal,” advised Wanner. “Try to pick an airline and stick with it. The best way to score upgrades is to be a loyal flier and one with a lot of miles. So if you stick with one airline as much as possible, you have a better shot at the upgrade.”Kelly, meanwhile, suggested that you’ll better your chance of moving to first-class by dressing the part. “Poise yourself for an upgra de by dressing in business casual, she said. If your flight is oversold, you could potentially get upgraded to first-class, but your attire will play a part in the airline’s decision.”She also mentioned one thing that you definitely shouldn’t do: “Avoid asking for an upgrade at the ticket counter, as service staff are bombarded with upgrade requests and this might actually hurt your chances.”Seat assignments not guaranteed.If you’re not particular about where you sit, you’ll have an easier time finding cheap fares.“Most discount carriers do not offer seat assignments, but rather operate on a first come, first serve basis,” explained Kelly. “So plan to be at the gate early to queue up for a decent seat next to your family or travel companion.”Keep an open mind.“Check nearby airports, ones that you might not normally fly out of, as prices might be cheaper,” advised Wainner. “Ive been known to save $500 just by flying into a different airport!”$500 in exch ange driving an extra hour or two to another airport? Worth it!Bring some snacks.  â€œMost discounted carriers no longer include meals in their flights and expect you to pay for them onboard. The standard soft drink and bag of pretzels will most likely not be included either,” said Kelly.“Plan ahead and pack yourself plenty of snacks and other food to tide you over until you reach your destination. Remember that you can’t bring liquids through security, so you’ll need to purchase them near your gate or onboard the flight.”Remember: Saving money on air travel starts with finding cheap tickets, but it doesn’t end until you walk off that final flight. To learn more about saving money on travel-related costs, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Cheapest Ways to Travel, Part One: The JourneyCheapest Ways to Travel, Part Two: The DestinationHow to Save Money on Holiday Travel8 Handy Tips for Road Tripping on the CheapDo you have a   personal finance questio n youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsGrainne  Kelly  is a former  travel  agent and  mom  of two who revolutionized the child  travel  industry by inventing  BubbleBum: The worlds  first  portable, inflatable car booster seat that weighs less than one pound and can deflate in seconds, making it simple to throw in a backpack or tote bag. It’s ideal for everyday rides and carpooling as well as road  trips, fly-ins with car  rental, taxis, Uber/Lyft rides. Its compact design allows for three across the back. BubbleBum  is the 8x winner of the IIHS Best Bet for Car Booster Safety award.Scott  Wainner  (@scottwww)  is a serial entrepreneur with a 20-year track record of creating successful companies. At age 16, he built a hardware reviews site called SysOpt, and later sold it for $4M at age 21. He then created a business called ResellerRatings to help consumers shop safely online, which reached $6M/year in revenue and had 2,000 online retail customers.  Wainner  sold ResellerRatings to Answers.com in 2012 for $34M as the sole shareholder with no debt. Passionate about travel from an early age,  Wainner  conceived the idea for his next venture based on his own personal frustration to find the best fares.   In planning all of that travel, he became frustrated with just how hard it is to find and compare airfares, and how many hours and days it takes to search for the many destination and date combinations needed to find the best fares.  Fareness.com  (@fareness)  was launched in September 2016 as a solution to this problem, revealing fares across hundreds of dates and global destinations at a glance.

Poor Housing An Ideal Living Situation - 1749 Words

Poor housing : Living in damp and cold houses can increase chances of being ill, this will affect them physically and mentally. If they are ill they may miss a lot of time off school this will affect their education and in the long term their life chances. The spores that fester in this environment can be toxic and harmful to children, and for your lungs and respiratory system. High rise flats could be a problem because they don t have a garden and this will affect the child s health, they are not getting the exercise they need or fresh air. Temporary accommodation like a bed and breakfast or a caravan site, may not be suitable for children, because there will be a variety of different people (people with addictions, mental illnesses etc.) and lots of different and strange noises that children may not be used to, for example busy streets, other people arguing etc. This can affect the child s sleep pattern and generally its not an ideal living situation. Temporary accommodation is ca n also be a problem as in order to reach their full potential children need some stability in their lives and if they are moving around a lot they won t be able to build many relationships and may find it hard to make friends. Being taken away from your friends/family, can have a big impact on mental health and could make the child very stressed and unhappy. On the other side if you Live in a detached house with a garden where the child can run around and play in a local park where there is aShow MoreRelatedThe Lack Of Affordable Housing1354 Words   |  6 PagesThe lack of affordable housing in the United States is a problem that doesn t receive nearly the attention that it necessitates. This absence of affordable housing became especially prevalent following World War II when suburbanization spread across the country like wildfire. Although the sheer number of homes increased, Jim Crow segregation influenced housing policy, meaning that white institutions prevented blacks from ob taining the mortgages needed to afford such homes. Therefore, rather thanRead MoreThe Policy Of Assimilation Of Aboriginal People1265 Words   |  6 PagesFederal and State Ministers. The meaning of the policy was defined by these terms â€Å"The policy of assimilation means in the view of all Australian governments that all aborigines and part-aborigines are expected eventually to attain the same manner of living as other Australians and to live as members of a single Australian community enjoying the same rights and privileges, accepting the same responsibilities, observing the same customs and influenced by the same beliefs, hopes and loyalties as otherRead MoreExtended Credit Facility Programs675 Words   |  3 Pagespoverty reduction strategy document requirements. 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For This Assignment, The Author Interviewed An Elderly

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Therefore, she feels blessed; however, this does not mean she is not afraid of the disabilities or loss of freedom that can come with aging. Therapeutic Communication Techniques Therapeutic communication techniques were used in obtaining information from Irene during the interview. A technique used was asking open-ended questions before proceeding with more specific ones. Questions encouraged Irene to discuss details on her own terms without being limited to one-worded responses (Taylor, Lillis Lynn, 2015). By starting with general open-ended questions, the author gained an understanding of Irene’s current level of consciousness while building a relationship between the two parties (Weber Farrell, 2016). A second skill used was restating information given to the author by Irene. By repeating information, the author was listening intently and understood what was said; therefore, the author shows that they are invested in speaking with Irene (Knapp, 2014). 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Ethical Dilemma in Construction Industry for Ethical Practices

Question: Discuss about theEthical Dilemma in Construction Industry for Ethical Practices. Answer: Introduction Ethics says that a wrong thing can never be done in a right way. In the industrial world, an unethical practice has always ended up in a courtroom. One of the biggest scam on ethics happened with Enron in America in the last decade, for which the company ceased to exist. The construction industry in the world is also affected by unethical practices (Chalker and Loosemore 2016). A new study on the Survey of Construction Industry Ethical Practices has been found that, the people in this industry consider the unauthorized use of supplies and equipment, and improper reporting of the actual cost as the unethical practices (Parson 2014). The following report addresses the ethical dilemma in construction industry and its solutions. Ethical problems in construction industry The problem of ethics in the construction industry can exist in any step of the businesses, starting from bidding for a project to manage the supplies to delivering a final project. To maintain the loyal customers and the ability to gain and retain the customers is heavily dependent on the ethical practices by the company. The degree of integrity and trustworthiness in conducting business measures the ethical behavior of any construction company. Payment and bidding are two practices where the maximum instances of unethical behavior of the company occur (Abdul-Rahman, Hanid and Yap 2014). A construction project starts with either negotiation or open bidding for a project. In the government funded projects, there is always open bidding for it. During bidding, the constructors must estimate the cost of it, add the indirect costs and expected profit, and present a final expected cost. In this process, a company might get involved in unethical practices, such as, manipulating the cost to get the project. Sometimes two or more companies come together and determine the price to be asked. This eliminates the fair chance of others to win the job. In the bid shopping, a contractor takes the estimated bid from the subcontractor and suppliers and present in during the auction (Shapiro and Stefkovich 2016). Another highly unethical practice is that, many times, a contractor shows the bid of one subcontractor to the other in order to get a lower bid. It forces a subcontractor illegally out of the process. When this is found out, a contractor loses the trusts of the industry (Kelly 2014). Sometimes, in a bidding conference, one contractor may be able to see the bid of another due to poor quality of the specs. He then lowers its price to an unavoidable level and gets the job. Later on, he asks more money as extras. This practice is highly disregarded in the construction industry and the trustworthiness of the contractor gets lost (Wang 2013). Again, sometimes a construction company manages to get some inside information that helps it get an advantage in the bidding area. This is called smart bidding. In this the company knows something better than the competitors and gains the benefits of that. However, if the company gets the information from any insider, then it is an unethical practice to rule out other companies and this practice is considered as highly unethical. In this context, the above mentioned survey has found out that, 61% of the people believe that the cost of the projects gets affected due to unethical practices. It is also found that 58% people agreed that in the meetings, the discussion on ethics never come up. This seems to be the possible major cause of this problem. The survey has also found out that, 94% people consider the divulgence of solicited bids to gain advantage as unethical. However, the competition in this industry and the existence of bad practices force the companies to be in position, where they think about adopting this practice. However, according to James Gill, Jr., a lawyer and professor of construction law and ethics at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, the ethical practices in the bid shopping have different perspectives. What an owner finds ethical, might be unethical for the subcontractors (Parson 2014). During a house shopping, the customers always tend to go for the best prices; however, they are not concerned about the process of price determination. The suppliers also expect the customers to look around but the subcontractors do not want them to divulge their prices to other subcontractors (Chalker and Loosemore 2016). Solutions The construction companies should always follow the Code of Ethical Conduct of the industry. This code covers topics like policy statement, definitions, and standards of conduct on various aspects, such employment, safety, non discrimination, environment, antitrust policies etc. The antitrust policies include code of conduct on price fixing, bid rigging, claims, market division etc. (Neuman and Robson 2014) The people in this industry, i.e. owners, construction managers, general contractor, subcontractor, supplier and employees, all should follow the code of ethical conduct in the business. The penalties should be made more strict to discourage people to adopt the unethical practices. The ethical consideration is a relative subject. The principles of people direct the sense of ethics in life and business. Hence, the understanding of ethical practices differs. However, the companies should follow the general rules of ethics. They should maintain honesty and integrity, try to retain th e customers by maintaining fair practices, do not get involve in getting the inside information to gain an advantage during bidding and should refrain from indulging in any other unfair practices, which gets other contractors out of the bidding game. It would help the companies to maintain their trustworthiness in the industry and among the customers, which is beneficial in the long run for the business (Shin et al. 2015). Conclusion It can be concluded that, the construction industry has been affected by unfair practices for a long time. The rivalry in the industry is high and maintaining fair practices has lowered the profits of the construction companies. The need to survive in the industry and greed for profit has pushed the companies to adopt the unethical practices. However, to gain and maintain trusts and benefit in the long run, the companies should stay away from adopting the unethical practices. References Abdul-Rahman, H., Hanid, M. and Yap, X.W., 2014. Does professional ethics affect quality of constructiona case in a developing economy?.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,25(3-4), pp.235-248. Chalker, M. and Loosemore, M., 2016. Trust and productivity in Australian construction projects: a subcontractor perspective.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management,23(2), pp.192-210. Kelly, D., 2014. Legal, Ethical, and Practical Considerations of Postbid Negotiations in the Award of Building Construction Subcontracts.Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction,8(4), p.B6514001. Neuman, W.L. and Robson, K., 2014.Basics of social research. Pearson Canada. Parson, E., 2014.The Construction Industry's Ethical Dilemma. [online] Electrical Construction Maintenance (ECM) Magazine. Available at: https://www.ecmweb.com/content/construction-industrys-ethical-dilemma [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Shapiro, J.P. and Stefkovich, J.A., 2016.Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Shin, Y., Sung, S.Y., Choi, J.N. and Kim, M.S., 2015. Top management ethical leadership and firm performance: Mediating role of ethical and procedural justice climate.Journal of Business Ethics,129(1), pp.43-57. Wang, X., 2013. The construction of researcherresearched relationships in school ethnography: Doing research, participating in the field and reflecting on ethical dilemmas.International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education,26(7), pp.763-779.

Anorexia Nervosa Essays (2488 words) - Eating Disorders,

Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight. Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. This condition is both a physical illness and a psychiatric illness. Anorexia nervosa can be a very severe illness, including a risk of death from starvation. This illness occurs most often in young women. About 5% to 10% of people with anorexia nervosa are men (Larson). Anorexia nervosa means in Greek and Latin roots "lack of appetite of nervous origin." Usually appears in early or middle adolescence. A girl or young woman begins to starve herself and sometimes exercise compulsively as well. Her weight falls and her health deteriorates, but she continues to deny that her behavior is abnormal or dangerous. She may say she feels or looks fat, although everyone else can see that she is gaunt. To conceal her weight loss from parents and others, she may wear baggy clothes or secretly pocket and discard food instead of eating it. Despite her refusal to eat and despite the misleading term "anorexia," her appetite is usually normal, at least at first. Her reasons for rejecting food are a mystery that researchers are still trying to solve (Anorexia). According to the current diagnostic manual of the American Psychiatric Association, a woman is suffering from clinical anorexia, not just dieting or fasting, when her weight has fallen to 15% below the normal range and she has not menstruated for at least three months. Sometimes the diagnosis is made because of drowsiness and lethargy that are affecting her schoolwork. Other symptoms are dry skin, brittle nails and hair, "languor" (fine downy hair on the limbs), constipation, anemia, and swollen joints. The level of female hormones in the blood of an anorectic woman falls drastically, and her sexual development may be delayed. Her heart rate and blood pressure can become dangerously low, and loss of potassium in the blood may cause irregular heart rhythms (Bower). Experience has shown that the more distorted an idea the victim has of herself, the more difficult the cure, and the longer the condition goes untreated the more uncertain the outcome. Anorexia nervosa must never be lightly dismissed as a passing phase, which time and maturity will cure. A person that is anorexic is not nature. Spontaneous cure rarely happen because the victim takes a positive pride in sustaining her hunger. The longer the illness lasts, more weight is lost. This deepens in the anorexic the illusion that being thin is making her significant and outstanding as an individual (Cavendish, 63). Some believe that eating disorders are becoming more common, but the evidence from systematic surveys is inconclusive. What is clear is that fewer cases are going undiagnosed. One reason is that the average age of puberty in American women has retreated three or four years during this century, probably because of better nutrition and less infectious disease. That means a girl is more likely to develop anorexia while she is still living with her parents, and the disorder is more likely to be noticed and acknowledged as the serious problem it is. As social critics like to point out, drawing a line between eating disorders and the consequences of normal, socially approved dieting is not easy. Many women have symptoms that resemble anorexia in milder forms they may be losing too much weight but still menstruating, or binge eating without vomiting or using laxatives, or bingeing less often than twice a week (Macmillian). "According to one estimate, more than two-thirds of college women indulge in an eating binge once a year, 40% at least once a month, and 20% once a week. As many as 4% of all adults (60% of them women) and 30% of the seriously overweight are thought to be binge eaters." Binge eating without attempts to compensate by vomiting or using laxatives is one of the conditions included in the current APA diagnostic manual under the label "eating disorders not otherwise specified." One cause of eating disorders could be abnormalities in the activity of hormones and neurotransmitters that preserve the balance between energy output and food intake. This regulation is a complex process involving several regions of the brain and several body systems. Nerve pathways descending from the hypothalamus, at the base of the brain, control levels of sex hormones,

The 300 Million Year History of Amphibian Evolution

The 300 Million Year History of Amphibian Evolution Heres the strange thing about amphibian evolution: You wouldnt know it from the small and rapidly dwindling population of frogs, toads, and salamanders alive today, but for tens of millions of years spanning the late Carboniferous and early Permian periods, amphibians were the dominant land animals on Earth. Some of these ancient creatures achieved crocodile-like sizes, up to 15 feet long (which may not seem so big today but was positively huge 300 million years ago) and terrorized smaller animals as the apex predators of their swampy ecosystems. Before going further, its helpful to define what the word amphibian means. Amphibians differ from other vertebrates in three main ways: First, newborn hatchlings live underwater and breathe via gills, which then disappear as the juvenile undergoes a metamorphosis into its adult, air-breathing form. Juveniles and adults can look very different, as in the case of tadpoles and full-grown frogs. Second, adult amphibians lay their eggs in water, which significantly limits their mobility when colonizing the land. And third, the skin of modern amphibians tends to be slimy rather than reptile-scaly, which allows for the additional transport of oxygen for respiration. The First Amphibians As is often the case in evolutionary history, its impossible to pinpoint the exact moment when the first tetrapods, the four-legged fish that crawled out of the shallow seas 400 million years ago and swallowed gulps of air with primitive lungs, turned into the first true amphibians. In fact, until recently, it was fashionable to describe these tetrapods as amphibians, until it occurred to experts that most tetrapods didnt share the full spectrum of amphibian characteristics. For example, three important genera of the early Carboniferous period- Eucritta, Crassigyrinus, and Greererpeton- can be variously described as either tetrapods or amphibians, depending on which features are being considered. Its only in the late Carboniferous period, from about 310 to 300 million years ago, that we can comfortably refer to the first true amphibians. By this time, some genera had attained relatively monstrous sizes- a good example being Eogyrinus (dawn tadpole), a slender, crocodile-like creature that measured 15 feet from head to tail. Interestingly, the skin of Eogyrinus was scaly rather than moist, evidence that the earliest amphibians needed to protect themselves from dehydration. Another late Carboniferous/early Permian genus, Eryops, was much shorter than Eogyrinus but more sturdily built, with massive, tooth-studded jaws and strong legs. At this point, its worth noting a rather frustrating fact about amphibian evolution: Modern amphibians, which are technically known as lissamphibians, are only remotely related to these early monsters. Lissamphibians, which include frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and rare earthworm-like amphibians called caecilians, are believed to have radiated from a common ancestor that lived in the middle Permian or early Triassic periods, and its unclear what relationship this common ancestor may have had to late Carboniferous amphibians like Eryops and Eogyrinus. Its possible that modern lissamphibians branched off from the late Carboniferous Amphibamus, but not everyone subscribes to this theory. Prehistoric Amphibians: Lepospondyls and Temnospondyls As a general rule, the amphibians of the Carboniferous and Permian periods can be divided into two camps: small and weird-looking (lepospondyls), and big and reptilelike (temnospondyls). The lepospondyls were mostly aquatic or semiaquatic, and more likely to have the slimy skin characteristic of modern amphibians. Some of these creatures (such as Ophiderpeton and Phlegethontia) resembled small snakes; others, like Microbrachis, were reminiscent of salamanders, and some were simply unclassifiable. A good example of the last is Diplocaulus: This three-foot-long lepospondyl had a huge, boomerang-shaped skull, which might have functioned as an undersea rudder. Dinosaur enthusiasts should find the temnospondyls easier to swallow. These amphibians anticipated the classic reptilian body plan of the Mesozoic Era: long trunks, stubby legs, big heads, and in some cases scaly skin, and many of them (like Metoposaurus and Prionosuchus) resembled large crocodiles. Probably the most infamous of the temnospondyl amphibians was the impressively named Mastodonsaurus; the name means nipple-toothed lizard and has nothing to do with the elephant ancestor. Mastodonsaurus had an almost comically oversized head that accounted for nearly a third of its 20-foot-long body. For a good portion of the Permian period, the temnospondyl amphibians were the top predators of the Earths landmasses. That all changed with the evolution of the therapsids (mammal-like reptiles) toward the end of the Permian period. These large, nimble carnivores chased the temnospondyls back into the swamps, where most of them slowly died out by the beginning of the Triassic period. There were a few scattered survivors, though: For example, the 15-foot-long Koolasuchus thrived in Australia in the middle Cretaceous period, about a hundred million years after its temnospondyl cousins of the northern hemisphere had gone extinct. Introducing Frogs and Salamanders As stated above, modern amphibians (lissamphibians) branched off from a common ancestor that lived anywhere from the middle Permian to the early Triassic periods. Since the evolution of this group is a matter of continuing study and debate, the best we can do is to identify the earliest true frogs and salamanders, with the caveat that future fossil discoveries may push the clock back even further. Some experts claim that the late Permian Gerobatrachus, also known as the frogamander, was ancestral to these two groups, but the verdict is mixed. As far as prehistoric frogs are concerned, the best current candidate is Triadobatrachus, or triple frog, which lived about 250 million years ago, during the early Triassic period. Triadobatrachus differed from modern frogs in some important ways: For example, it had a tail, the better to accommodate its unusually large number of vertebrae, and it could only flail its hind legs rather than use them to execute long-distance jumps. But its resemblance to modern frogs is unmistakable. The earliest known true frog was the tiny Vieraella of early Jurassic South America, while the first true salamander is believed to have been Karaurus, a tiny, slimy, big-headed amphibian that lived in late Jurassic central Asia. Ironically- considering that they evolved over 300 million years ago and have survived, with various waxings and wanings, into modern times- amphibians are among the most threatened creatures on the Earth today. Over the last few decades, a startling number of frog, toad, and salamander species have spiraled toward extinction, though no one knows exactly why. The culprits may include pollution, global warming, deforestation, disease, or a combination of these and other factors. If current trends persist, amphibians may be the first major classification of vertebrates to disappear off the face of the Earth.

Roles of Corrections Officers Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Roles of Corrections Officers - Coursework Example acter of inmates in order to control, discipline and provide security in the correctional and rehabilitation center (Stratton, West, & United States, 1972). They also have a responsibility to provide leadership and acts as a positive role model that the inmates should look up to, they provide emergency response to breach of correctional center, and they process, direct and observe visitors for the inmates. In the case of physical injuries to the inmates while, in the cell, they provide first aid services (Stratton, West, & United States, 1972). With the ever-increasing number of individual serving prison terms, correctional and rehabilitation centers have witnessed the increased number of inmates and thus have demanded more services to be offered by correctional officers. There has been an influx of mentally ill patients, physically handicapped persons as well as people with chronic illness that requires close monitoring. Due to this problem, correctional officers have found it necessary to acquire new knowledge in taking good care of the disadvantaged population in correctional centers (Dvoskin, & Spiers, n.d.). The correctional officers have the responsibility of creating a good and mutual relationship between the inmates and the prison staff (Dvoskin, & Spiers, n.d.). The inmates depend upon the staff to provide them with adequate security, maintain order and their safety in the prisons while the prison staffs depends upon the inmates to follow facility rule and provide work force labor (Stratton, West, & United States, 1972). Correctional officers are charged with the duty of providing a conducive environment for survival of inmates. They ensure cleanliness by disposing of off filth, ensuring proper room ventilation. They report overcrowding to federal authorities to build more cells. The prevention of overcrowding as well helps in preventing air borne diseases like tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections (American Correctional Association,

Murals of Mexico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Murals of Mexico - Essay Example It is also after the Mexican revolution that a group of Mexican muralist formed an art movement known as the Mexican Muralism. The Mexican Muralism which I earlier told you about began in the period around the 1920s and it only lasted for approximately 2 decades before the Mexican mural could be taken over by the modern mural artists. It is through these murals in this museum and in other buildings out there that our lovely country-Mexico enhanced its image globally especially in the developed world where most of the renowned Mexican muralists paid a visit and exhibited their artistic potential. Certainly, these murals bring about revolutionary themes to the mind of people whenever you came across them. The murals were also important tools of championing the social cause of the oppressed in the society. They expressed strong post revolutionary statements and positions at personal, social, artistic and political levels considering that the artists used the murals to express their opinions, beliefs, and position in relation to a particular issue at hand. These murals were also used for upholding the Mexican culture and religious stance considering that they tell stories about the gods, significant ceremonies as well as scenes experienced in the early life of the Mexicans. One of the greatest mural works in the Museum of Modern Art involves Diego Rivera frescos of the Agrarian Leader Zapata. Diego Rivera is renowned for transforming the Mexican art industry and his work on the Emiliano Zapata was an exceptional masterpiece.

Construction Contracts: Omission, Suspension Termination

Construction Contracts: Omission, Suspension Termination An analysis of Omission, Suspension Termination of Construction Contracts under Civil Law of Qatar UAE 1. Introduction Qatar has a well-developed and structured legal system. The origin of the Qatar legal system is found in both ancient and traditional sources. It is based on Islamic law and jurisprudence but has adopted many of the principles of the Napoleonic Civil Code (French Civil Code). In addition, Egyptian philosophy of law and procedure (Egyptian Civil Code) had a great influence on the legal and judicial system of Qatar. The State of Qatar is a traditional country ruled by Al-Thani family and the state leadership being inherited by Al-Thani family since mid-19th century Qatar’s judicial history was influenced by a series of events beginning with the Ottoman occupation of the region in the 19th century. As stated in Background to legal system in Qatar by Qatar Law website â€Å"The Ottoman rulers established a system of justice based on teachings of the Hanafi school of Islamic Law. As the Ottoman Empire started to lose its grip on its rule in Qatar and elsewhere in the Arabian Gulf, Qatar underwent a gradual shift towards the Hanbali school of Islamic Law under the influence of the then emerging regional power, Saudi Arabia† (Partners, 2014). Qatar became a protectorate of Britain after the 1916 treaty and British legal system was established formally after the treaty. The civil courts established by British enforced English laws albeit local courts continued to administer a legal system based on Sharia law (Islamic law) which was the legal system in pre British era. This practice created a dual court system that existed until recent time in Qatar. Modern Qatar legislative process began in 1961, when Law No. 1 for the year 1961 was issued. Subsequently, several modern legislations covering the administrative, economic and social activities were enacted. Qatar passed the new Judicial Law No. 10 for the year 2003 in October 2003 which revolutionized and unified the judicial system in Qatar. This law became effective in October 2004. Qatar enacted a new Civil Law in 2004, providing applicability in respect of limitation of time and territorial jurisdiction. Other important definitions such as of natural and juridical persons principles and legal capacity to sue and be sued were incorporated in to the new Civil Law. Contractual relationships in construction sector were codified as Law No. (22) of 2004 with the passing of Qatar Civil Law. Law No. (22) of 2004 Promulgating the Civil Code was issued by H/H Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar exercising the executive authority vested under the Constitution. As stated in Qatar Law website â€Å"Qatar Civil Code provides guidelines for the establishment of contractual relations and obligations arising therefrom. It specifies basic elements of a contract such as consent, subject matter, and purpose of contracting. It also deals with annulment, construction and binding nature, effect, and cancellation of contracts† (Partners, 2014). The UAE federation comprising seven Emirates namely; Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Umm Al Quwain, Ajman and Fujairah was established on 02nd of December 1971. The Constitution declares the Sharia is the principal source for law in the UAE and a civil law jurisdiction heavily influenced by the Egyptian law system which was heavily influenced by French and Roman law. Commercial transactions are governed by UAE Federal Commercial Transactions Law ‘Commercial Code’ (No. 18 of 1993). Civil transactions are governed by UAE Law of Civil Transactions ‘Civil Code’ (No. 5 of 1985 No. 1 of 1987) (Whelan, 2011). In the absence of any specific provisions in Civil Code , the Islamic Sharia law will be applied. In matters of procedure, the UAE courts follow the Federal Civil Procedure Law ‘Civil Procedure Code’ (No. 11 of 1992 as amended). Articles 872 to 896 of the UAE Civil Law 1987 (the Civil Law) relating to construction works, as well as general maxims and principles set out in the same law, form the basis of the legal framework relating to construction. Also, UAE Commercial Transactions Law provisions would apply to the degree that the parties to a construction claim could be defined as traders conducting commercial business as per Articles 6 and 11. The general principle of freedom and sanctity of contract is recognized under the Qatar Civil Code and a contract is treated as the law of the contracting parties. Natural and legal persons are free to agree on whatever they desire, provided that their agreement does not conflict with law, public order and morality. Verbal contracts and contracts as a result of conduct of the parties are mostly recognized and are enforceable in court subjected to establishing / proving the contractual-relationship. The Civil Law also deals with interpretation of contracts, contractual responsibilities, liability for personal acts, and responsibility for acts of third parties, ownership responsibilities, surety, unjust enrichment, types of sale, lease, insurance, and rights attached to property, land law, mortgage, wills, legacy, privileges, and gains. It also stipulates performance, compensation and compulsory execution, assignment of rights, innovation and impossibility of performance and statutes of limitation. Contractors are often faced with employer- driven Omission, Suspension Termination of the Construction Contracts due to financial constraints and other difficulties encountered by Clients and Contractors in Qatar Middle East in general. Medium to large scale public works projects procured by Public Works Authority of Qatar (Ashghal) use General Conditions of Qatar (its own spoke form) published by Contracts Engineering Business Affairs (CEBA) which were updated and reissued on July 2007 prepared by either in-house lawyers or external law firms. The Qatar General Conditions of Qatar is a close resemblance of International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) Yellow, Silver or Red Book contracts. The other major projects procured by state affiliated organizations such as Qatar Foundation, Qatar Gas, RasGas, Qatar Water Electricity board (Kharamaa), New Doha Aiprt Steering Committee use their own bespoke and â€Å"project specific† forms. Where a project is awarded on a lump sum basis, the 2007 General Conditions of Contract favoured by employers in Qatar places much of the risk for losses on the contractor, except where losses are adequately covered under the amended provisions to the Contract. A reasonably fair assessment of the General Conditions of Contract by many contractors in Qatar is that it heavily favours the employer. While this may be the case, a contractor may also be entitled to claim equitable relief in accordance with the Qatar Civil Law No. 22 of 2004. In the above scenario, it is imperative to analyze the rights and entitlements of Clients Contractors in circumstances arising from Omission, Suspension Termination of the Construction Contracts under FIDIC 1987 revision 4 FIDIC 1999 which are base documents for most of the Bespoke Conditions of Contracts in Qatar and its enforcement under the Civil Law of Qatar U.A.E. 2. Aim Analyze the legal aspects of Omission, Suspension Termination of the Construction Contracts under the Qatar U.A.E Civil Law. 3. Objectives There are four objectives of this study: To identify the limit of a Contractors’ exposure to the Employer in respect of Omission, Suspension Termination of the Construction Contracts. To identify the limit of Employer’s exposure to the Contractor. Analyze the entitlements between FIDIC suit of Contracts and Qatar U.A.E. Civil Code To determine reasonable solutions and precautions. 4. Research methodology The following Literature was reviewed during the initially to ascertain the feasibility of conducting a comprehensive research on the subject dissertation. Binding Force of a Contract – Article 171of Law No. 22 of 2004 – Qatar Civil Code â€Å"A contract is the law of the contracting parties, and it may not be revoked or amended, except by agreement of both parties or for prescribed by the law† (Portal, 2014). Dissolution of a Contract Article 183of Law No. 22 of 2004 – Qatar Civil Code Article 183 states that â€Å"In contracts binding on both parties and imposing reciprocal obligations (synallagmatic contracts), where one of the parties fails to perform his obligation, the other party may, upon formal notice to the former, demand performance of the contract or its rescission, and may claim any damages caused by such failure to perform† (Portal, 2014). â€Å"The judge may,mutatis mutandis, determine a period of grace within which the obligor shall perform his obligation. The judge may also reject the application for rescission if the obligation not performed is insignificant compared with the obligations considered in their entirety† (Portal, 2014). Termination of a Contract of Works under Articles 703, 704 707 of Law No. 22 of 2004 – Qatar Civil Code Termination of a Contract under Articles 892 893 of UAE Federal Law No. 2/87 – The Civil Code Dissolution of a Contract under Articles 185 188 of Law No. 22 of 2004 – Qatar Civil Code Article 185 states that â€Å"When a contract is rescinded, the contracting parties shall be reinstated to the position they were in prior to the date of the conclusion of the contract. If reinstatement is impossible, the court may grant indemnity† (Portal, 2014). Article 188 states that; â€Å"The contracting parties may mutually agree to terminate the contract upon its conclusion, provided that the subject matter of the contract remains in the possession of either party. Where the subject matter of the contract is lost, damaged or disposed of in part in favour of a third party, the contract may be rescinded to the extent of the remaining part and the share of the party† (Portal, 2014) Dissolution of a Contract under Article 273 of UAE Federal Law No. 2/87 – The Civil Code Dissolution of a Contract under Articles 267 268 of UAE Federal Law No. 2/87 – The Civil Code The binding force of a Contract under Article 172 of Law No. 22 of 2004 – Qatar Civil Code The effect of the Contract under Article 246 of UAE Federal Law No. 2/87 – The Civil Code Ruling issued for the year 2006 by Court of Cassation, Dubai Literature study and analytical research are my major learning methods which play an important role in this report. Analytical research involves analyzing existing case law, facts and information. The data will be collected from primary/secondary sources, interviews with industry experts and case studies/laws. Literature study and analytical research have been chosen due to complex laws of the country and its interpretation by the Law experts. However, any analysis contained in this dissertation is the author’s own opinion and shall not be construed as evidence in a court of law. This paper does not have any legal or contractual standing in interpreting a binding Contract Document. 5. Scope and Limitation The building construction contracts stipulate express provisions governing the rights of one or both parties to terminate the contract under certain circumstances. These express provisions are categorized as non-contractual rights and contractual rights to terminate a binding contract. The Non-contractual rights to terminate are defined as; Frustration and this occurs when circumstances rather than the default of contracting parties have intervened to prevent the contract being performed as intended originally. When frustration occurs, further performance of the contract is impossible, illegal or radically changed from what the parties contemplated at the time of signing the contract. The contract is automatically terminated once a frustration event occurs and the parties are absolved from further obligations but accrued liabilities remain with them. The party who is relying on frustration provisions in the contract must be sure of that a frustration event actually occurred when justifying the ceasing of operations under the contract to avoid being in breach (the contract is more expensive to perform is not a frustrating event). It is prudent that the events stipulated under force majeure clauses should not overlap with the frustration events and the events which are provided their consequences are stated in the contra cts shall also not be considered as frustrating events. It is imperative to define Force Majeure events in the contract and clause 19.1 of FIDIC 1999 First Edition state that the definition of â€Å"Force Majeure† as; â€Å"Means an exceptional event or circumstance: (a) which is beyond a Party’s control, (b) which such Party could not reasonably have provided against before entering into the Contract, (c) which, having arisen, such Party could not reasonably have avoided or overcome, and (d) which is not substantially attributable to the other Party† (FIDIC, 1999). Force Majeure events are exceptional events or circumstances as listed FIDIC 1999 below and those satisfy the clause 19.1 of FIDIC 1999 sub-clause (a) to (d) above: â€Å"(i) war, hostilities (whether war be declared or not), invasion, act of foreign enemies, (ii) rebellion, terrorism, revolution, insurrection, military or usurped power, or civil war, (iii) riot, commotion, disorder, strike or lockout by persons other than the Contractor’s Personnel and other employees of the Contractor and Subcontractors, (iv) munitions of war, explosive materials, ionising radiation or contamination by radio-activity, except as may be attributable to the Contractor’s use of such munitions, explosives, radiation or radio-activity, and (v) natural catastrophes such as earthquake, hurricane, typhoon or volcanic activity† (FIDIC, 1999). Repudiation and this occurs when a party to the contract commits a serious breach of contract that entitles the innocent party to consider the contract as terminated with immediate effect and sue for damages due to breach of the contract. The following will be considered as clear repudiation of a construction contract Contractor’s refusal to carry out contract scope; Vacant the site or un-authorized removal of plant by the contractor; Procuring other contractors to carry out the whole or part of the scope of work originally contracted; Employer’s failure to give access to the site (possession of the site). The Contractual rights to terminate are classified as; Termination for Cause and the clauses stipulated in the contract vesting powers/rights to terminate the contract for breaches of specified contractual obligations such as unjustified/ unrecoverable delays attributed non-performance of the works. The parties may exercise their rights to terminate in other circumstances too, such as occurrence of a force majeure event. Termination for Convenience or ‘at will’ clauses may be incorporated in to construction contract vesting powers to one party to terminate the contract without having to establish any cause or breach for termination for the other party. This clause is very useful in the event that the; the employer changes the use of the land (eg. Condominium development to a hotel development) the employer’s inability to secure financing for the whole project or secure anchor tenants the contractor finds the project will be unprofitable or too risky the project has been suspended for a prolong period with no prospect of it being recommenced. There is a very close relationship between suspension and termination and, depending on how the clause is drafted. The end result of a suspension clause may be much the same as a termination clause in that either party will have the right to terminate the contract at the end of the agreed suspension period. The justification for suspension clauses will be broadly similar to termination such as a change of circumstances on the ground that makes continuing with the works impossible in the short term. Notwithstanding the above, suspension may be used by one party to allow it space to consider how to proceed with a project, which should be acceptable to the other party if kept within bounds. The scope of this research is to identify the legal provisions to secure the rights and entitlements provided under Qatar Civil Code and UAE Federal Law in Omissions, Suspensions and Terminations and limited to the construction contracts under the jurisdiction of the subject countries. The main limitation is the Language. The Qatar and UAE Laws are written in Arabic and official translation in English language is not available. The author relies on many unofficial translations of Qatar and UAE Laws for the purpose of this research. Arabic language prevails over the any launage in a Court of Law in Qatar and UAE. 6. Conclusion The Contractor shall be compensated for; Re-measured work done Preliminaries Material delivered / ordered Under- recoveries Costs/increases Removal of Contractor’s equipment Repatriation of staff/labour Loss of damage (loss of profit) Costs resulting from suspension after recovering the following from the contractor Advance Payment Previous payments Employers recoveries All these compensation and recoveries are stipulated in FIDIC Conditions of Contracts (or amended bespoke versions) and enforceable under Law No. 22 of 2004 – Qatar Civil Code and UAE Federal Law No. 2/87 – The Civil Code. The Contractors (and the Employers) as the case shall be able to seek the solace of Law even if the Contract Agreement they entered in to is heavily bias towards the Employer as the Law of land prevails over any contractual relationship between parties. 7. References FIDIC. (1999). Conditions of Contract for Construction. In I. F. Engineers, General Conditions (pp. 56-58). ISBN 2 88432 022 9. Partners, S. A.-A. (2014). Background Legal System in Qatar. Retrieved 08 25, 2014, from www.qatarlaw.com: http://www.qatarlaw.com/background-legal-system-in-qatar Portal, Q. L. (2014, 08 25). Law No. 22 of 2004. Doha, Qatar. Whelan, J. (2011, 07). The Civil Code. Retrieved 08 27, 2014, from http://lexemiratidotnet.files.wordpress.com: http://lexemiratidotnet.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/uae-civil-code-_english-translation_.pdf

Investigation of the Polar Dinosaur Essays -- Exploratory Essays Resea

Investigation of the Polar Dinosaur Today we know through the evidence of fossils that dinosaur and other large reptiles once lived on every continent on earth. If you were a paleontologist in charge of finding fossils where would you look first? In the search for evidence the icy continent of Antarctica would be perhaps the last continent you would think to search. However, during the last twenty years a remarkable number of prehistoric fossils have been found in regions close to the South Pole. Beginning in 1960 with an expedition lead by a man named Spitzbergen, fossilized footprints from non-avian dinosaur showed the region once had a drastically different climate. In the years that followed more fossilized remains were collected in costly expeditions, often to remote areas near the north and South Pole. However, each find can present unique information about physiological adaptations various forms of life made to polar latitude temperatures during the Mesozoic era. An article â€Å"Polar Dinosaurs† by Thomas H. Rich in Science, published in February of 2002, explores the fossil evidence and presents the following ideas about the environment and the types of creatures who lived and adapted to the seasonal conditions present at these polar latitudes. The ice fields of the North Slope of Alaska we know today are thought to have had temperatures ranging from 13-2 degrees Celsius during the Cretaceous period. This hypothesis is based on evidence from flowering plants, and leaf fossils found from the late Cretaceous found in the region. So life around the poles existed in a climate similar to that of Portland, Oregon, which has a mean temperature of 12 degrees, and may have gotten as cold as Alberta Canada’s average of ... ...uld have probably been impossible for life in the Antarctic where a large seaway eventually developed cutting southeastern Australia from Antarctica. The investigation of polar dinosaurs continues with the excavation of a new site in northern Alaska near the Colville River. Paleontologists have discovered a huge, 100 km, slab of rock that spans the last 40 million years of the Mesozoic era. Exploration of this site through tunneling is believed to present a more extensive record of polar dinosaurs as they were over the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. (1) Works Cited 1) Rich, T.H., P. Vickers-Rich & R.A. Gangloff, February 2002, Polar Dinosaurs. Science 295:979-980. 2) Mayell, Hillary, Researchers Melt Polar Dinosaur Mysteries, National Geographic, Febuary 2002, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/02/0225_0225_polardinos.html

Group Development Essay

First, here is a summary of the development stages of a team. In the forming stage, team members come togetherand form initial impressions. They socialize in order to get to know each other and bond with other team members. In the storming stage, team members experience hostility and infighting over tasks and how the team works. In the norming stage, team members start to come together and realize what needs to be accomplished. In the performing stage, team members are well-organized and well-functioningand maintain a positive balance. In the adjourning stage, team members achieve closure when the project is accomplished. At the end of the cask study the team is still in the storming phase of team development. The team has not fully come together. There is still some infighting with Mike and the presence of cliques is developing, for example, the situation in the cafeteria. Overall, I think there is tension within the team. Christine’s leadership abilities could benefit by having knowledge of the stages of group development. Aside from the very first meeting Mike was not present at any subsequent meetings. He missed out on the forming stage of team development. During this stage Mike could have talked with the team about his outside distractions, job and girlfriend, that may prevent him from fully participating at the meetings, and on the project. If Christine had some knowledge of team development she would have recognized this lapse in the forming stage and could have been able to address this issue with Mike before it became a bigger problem. Christine, as the team leader, could have pulled Mike aside and talked to him about the importance of attending the meetings. She could have spoke with him after the cafeteria incident to reassure him that he was not being excluded, but that all the team members being there was truly a coincidence. Also, she could have told Mike her opinion about how she felt he had a lot to offer the team, the value of his contributions and how it would help with the success of the team. PART II – Problem Identification The primary problem that appears in this case is Christine’s lack of knowledge in team development and as a team leader. The secondary problem is Mike’s unwillingness to contribute to the team. Since Christine did not have knowledge of team development or experience she was ineffective as the team leader. She could have organized the team better by assigning tasks’, scheduling meetings in advance, and possible scheduling a team building event to solidify the forming stage of development. Mike was the second problem to overall team success. Although Mike had issues outside of the team he should have talked to the team at the beginning and asked for assistance and support. After the incident in the cafeteria Mike simply walked away. He should have stayed for a few minutes and discussed the situation with the other members. I don’t fell Mike did his part to interact with the team to enhance the forming stage of development. After the first meeting he immediately set himself as an outsider. Christine as a leader must understand the each group of individuals is going to have its own personality, both individually and collectively. When you understand the needs of each member, and the dynamic that each one brings to the group, then and only then, are you able to develop a strategy to utilize team development to achieve the groups ultimate goal. The goal is to complete a quality project on time. If Christine’s knowledge of team synergy, social facilitation, and overall team effectiveness would have server her well in her role as project leader. Lastly, Christie needs to learn how to assign tasks based on the strengths, and weaknesses of each team member. Other members of the team each had something to offer, including Mike. He was classified as a clown. Clowns tend to be very spontaneous in their thinking; this is a possible source of new and innovative ideas. This should have been communicated to Mike as well as the rest of the team. PART III – Retrospective Evaluation In order for Christine to solve her primary problem two things need to occur. First, Christine should take a class in organization behavior. Understanding the team development process, as well as, team effectiveness, and teams in an organization will definitely help Christine. She will be able to understand, and identify positive and negative aspects of her project team and would have been able to implement steps to correct any deficiencies. The second aspect was Christine’s lack of effectiveness and her inability to integrate Mike into the team. After the first meeting which Mike attended, the problems started. Mike did not make meeting, and was submitting hand written notes. Christine should have structured a meeting that Mike could attend, or scheduled a team building social event. in addition, she could have started reviewing his notes with the other team members at the meetings since he was not there to do it himself. This would at least have given the other team members the knowledge that Mike was making an effort on his part of the project. PART IV – Reflection In my opinion Christine was presented with a challenge that was way above her level of experience. Her lack of knowledge in team development, and as a team leader was evident in the project team. The team did not make it past the storming phase, and therefore never fully developed into an efficient team. She failed to integrate one individual into the team. This caused friction within the team and left one section of the project incomplete with one week remaining until the deadline. Overall, I do not believe Christine was an effective group leader. REFERENCES 1. Schermerhorn, J.R. Jr.,Osborn, R.N., Uhl-Bien, M., & Hunt, J.E., Organizational Behavior 12th Edition (2012), John Wiley & Sons, Danvers, MA.

Witchcraft And The Puritan Culture - 985 Words

Tituba is rarely at the center of attention when the Salem Witch trials come into discussion. In fact, the only time she seems to ever be mentioned is to state that she is the link between witchcraft and the adolescent girls of Salem (Breslaw. Xx). Witchcraft is defined, by Webster’s dictionary, as the â€Å"magical things that are done by witches: the use of magical powers obtained especially from evil spirits†. Although words are known to change throughout the years, witchcraft, for the most part, has remained the same, but its various interpretations, specifically in Tituba’s Arawak culture and the Puritan culture. The culture in which Tituba was born into and the culture in which she was forced into have different interpretations on who, exactly, the â€Å"evil spirits† might be. This paper will discuss the historical Salem of 1692 and what it meant to be a witch as well as highlight the parallels of witchcraft between Tituba’s culture and the Puritan culture and connect them to the larger picture to demonstrate the significance of defining witchcraft. In 1692, Salem Village was undergoing a widespread belief in the supernatural. The scandal began with three women, Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne and Tituba were accused and questioned for being witches. Tituba, Reverend Samuel Parris’ Amerindian slave, would be the only of the three women to confess to witchcraft. Her confession led to many consequential events that will be discussed later. Tituba, from Elaine Breslaw’s archivalShow MoreRelatedColonial New England Ideologies And Religious Beliefs1439 Words   |  6 Pagesideologies were strictly religious in their puritan beliefs. Clergymen were highly educated and forced religious practices in the name of being righteous and holy. 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